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Governments develop policies that set strategic directions on matters of national significance, referred to in this paper as strategic policies. Australia's Commonwealth Government develops and influences national environmental an...
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Governments develop policies that set strategic directions on matters of national significance, referred to in this paper as strategic policies. Australia's Commonwealth Government develops and influences national environmental and sustainability policies despite having limited constitutional powers in the management of natural resources. The Commonwealth Government has, over the past three decades, developed strategic policies aimed at sustainably managing forests, water, soils and agricultural lands. The design and implementation arrangements of environmental policies that have endured is not well studied, and this paper addresses this knowledge gap in the context of a federal system. The National Forest Policy Statement, the National Water Initiative and the Natural Heritage Trust have endured centre-left Labor and centre-right Coalition Governments, and serve as case studies. These policies have required structural adjustments to industries to varying degrees to limit impacts on the environment, leading to contestations about policy objectives. The policy cycle serves as the primary heuristic for analysis and the research finds that policy objectives are constrained by the Commonwealth Government's limited constitutional powers on environmental matters. Its participation in strategic policies is driven through notions of resolving a crisis and the policies endure in a phase of indifference to the original policy objectives.
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As the numbers of international students attending UK universities increases, so the need grows to address the internationalisation agenda in a variety of ways. Much of what has been written in this area has been focused at the le...
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As the numbers of international students attending UK universities increases, so the need grows to address the internationalisation agenda in a variety of ways. Much of what has been written in this area has been focused at the level of institutional and national policy and strategy. We argue here that this focus has tended to obscure the issue at the teaching and learning level, which is where students and teachers actually experience internationalisation, and because of its central importance, teaching and learning must be addressed explicitly alongside policy and strategic perspectives; otherwise there is a danger of a gap forming between policy and implementation. We describe several ways in which an aspect of internationalisation, i.e. supporting students' learning, is addressed through curriculum design which takes into account the international student population of many courses.
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There is an increasing awareness that policies do not succeed or fail on their own merits. Within complex messy systems, it is unclear how best to ensure effective policy design and implementation. However, rather than just let po...
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There is an increasing awareness that policies do not succeed or fail on their own merits. Within complex messy systems, it is unclear how best to ensure effective policy design and implementation. However, rather than just let policies drift into full or even partial failure, governments are now beginning to take an interest in ways in which the policy process – especially the implementation phase – can be strengthened and supported. This article contributes to the debate in three ways: by unpicking the key factors behind policy failure; by exploring different approaches to policy support; and by identifying key messages for policy practitioners.
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Responding to the lack of in-depth research into the effects of R&D grants for scale-ups, this article examines how they impact upon firms' employment, firm economic and innovative performance, and firm innovative activities. Drawing on both policy evaluations and empirical literature relating to R&D programmes and firms' outputs, it contributes by discussing and comparing different types of R&D programmes and analyzing the wider policy implications. Overall, positive outcomes are found on employment, total sales and share of innovative sales (effects which can persist for several years), and companies' innovation capacities. Moreover, the effects for R&D grants for scale-ups are larger than the effects of both generic R&D grants and R&D subsidies. In terms of policy implications, R&D grants stimulate and prepare companies for growth and targeted funding (technology focused) delivers better results for disruptive innovations, whereas generic grants for small and medium-sized enterprises are better suited for knowledge diffusion. Despite the positive effects of milestone-based selection mechanisms and phased funding, they are still under-used. Competitive R&D grants help companies to attract follow up (especially equity) funding. When coupled with complementary services (e.g. networking, advice), there is a longer lasting effect. Lastly, tax incentives and grants are complementary as regards to their impact on firm growth and innovation activities....
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Responding to the lack of in-depth research into the effects of R&D grants for scale-ups, this article examines how they impact upon firms' employment, firm economic and innovative performance, and firm innovative activities. Drawing on both policy evaluations and empirical literature relating to R&D programmes and firms' outputs, it contributes by discussing and comparing different types of R&D programmes and analyzing the wider policy implications. Overall, positive outcomes are found on employment, total sales and share of innovative sales (effects which can persist for several years), and companies' innovation capacities. Moreover, the effects for R&D grants for scale-ups are larger than the effects of both generic R&D grants and R&D subsidies. In terms of policy implications, R&D grants stimulate and prepare companies for growth and targeted funding (technology focused) delivers better results for disruptive innovations, whereas generic grants for small and medium-sized enterprises are better suited for knowledge diffusion. Despite the positive effects of milestone-based selection mechanisms and phased funding, they are still under-used. Competitive R&D grants help companies to attract follow up (especially equity) funding. When coupled with complementary services (e.g. networking, advice), there is a longer lasting effect. Lastly, tax incentives and grants are complementary as regards to their impact on firm growth and innovation activities.
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This paper examines optimal monetary policy under heterogeneous expectations. To this end, we develop a stochastic New Keynesian model with a cost-push shock and coexis-tence of one-step-ahead rational and adaptive expectations in...
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This paper examines optimal monetary policy under heterogeneous expectations. To this end, we develop a stochastic New Keynesian model with a cost-push shock and coexis-tence of one-step-ahead rational and adaptive expectations in decentralized markets. On the one side, heterogeneous expectations imply an amplification mechanism that has many adverse consequences missing under the rational expectations paradigm. On the other side, even discretionary optimal monetary policy can manipulate expectations via a novel chan-nel. We argue that the incorporation of heterogeneous expectations in both the design and implementation of discretionary optimal monetary policy to exploit this channel lowers macroeconomic volatility. We find that: (1.) a more hawkish policy can reduce losses due to volatility, but an overly hawkish policy does not; (2.) overestimating the share of ra-tional expectations in the design and implementation of policy creates additional losses, while the underestimation does not; (3.) credible commitment eliminates or mitigates many of the ramifications of heterogeneous expectations. (c) 2021 The Author(s). Published by Elsevier B.V. This is an open access article under the CC BY license ( http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ )
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Background: The dominant theoretical basis of our public health practice originates from a positivist or reductionist paradigm. It fails to take into account the complexity emerging out of public health's multiple influences origi...
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Background: The dominant theoretical basis of our public health practice originates from a positivist or reductionist paradigm. It fails to take into account the complexity emerging out of public health's multiple influences originating from biological and social worlds. A deeper understanding of the interaction of elements that characterize the implementation of public health functions will enhance our ability to generate evidence and learn further. Objective: The "interactive governance theory" by Jan Kooiman introduced here offers an analytical framework that uses the concept of "governability." It is a measure of how governable a particular social system is that takes care of a public function. Assessment is facilitated by breaking down and describing the social system into constituent parts and by exploring the properties, qualities, and the way in which they interact with each other. Further, by deliberating a complex public health function such as immunization services in the context of developing countries, we explore the application of the interactive governance theory and gov ernability. Conclusion: The theory offers new insights into how interactive and holistic approaches can be integrated into public health practice. The advantage of the concept of "governability" is that it enables us to explore why some governance systems deliver what they are expected to, while others do not. This might help us to identify areas where governance can be improved.
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Abstract Environmental policy integration (EPI), that is, the incorporation of environmental concerns in non‐environmental policy areas, has been widely adopted in public policies. However, EPI research has found much discrepancy...
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Abstract Environmental policy integration (EPI), that is, the incorporation of environmental concerns in non‐environmental policy areas, has been widely adopted in public policies. However, EPI research has found much discrepancy between environmental objectives and actual implementation. This paper argues that analyzing EPI in the context of policy mixes with multiple objectives, multiple instruments and their calibrations helps to better understand unavoidable tensions and limitations. We develop a framework to assess EPI at these three levels of policy output, synthesizing the EPI and policy mix literatures. We further distinguish four analytical dimensions to assess calibrations: stringency, specificity, flexibility, and temporality. A case study of the national implementation of the European Union's Common Agricultural Policy (CAP) in Germany 2014–2022 is used to elaborate the conceptual argument. The CAP has saliently incorporated environmental objectives, while implementation, including the calibrations of most instruments within predetermined corridors, is left to member states. A systematic meta‐review of 142 texts evaluating policy instruments and calibrations in the CAP 2014–2022, focusing on Germany, found that several CAP instruments link most farm income support to pro‐environmental behavior. These instruments could potentially have high environmental effectiveness and efficiency. But actual policy calibrations delivered weak EPI due to low stringency and specificity, while high flexibility and temporal accommodation of farmers' needs might support EPI by increasing acceptance. Weak EPI resulted from instrument calibrations in the face of unavoidable trade‐offs between competing objectives. Our results demonstrate that calibrations can significantly affect the strength of EPI adoption, and the priorities within policy mixes more generally.
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Focal point of this review is to provide a comparative display of qualitative and quantitative methodologies employed for the appraisal of interacting energy and climate policies, underlying their key features while presenting the...
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Focal point of this review is to provide a comparative display of qualitative and quantitative methodologies employed for the appraisal of interacting energy and climate policies, underlying their key features while presenting the most critical issues and limitations not addressed so far. Qualitative approaches provide a descriptive explanatory analysis of often non-quantifiable process in policy interactions, whereas modeling approaches provide numerical data estimating the extent of policy interaction impacts. Quantitative methods work best for narrowly specified policy combinations, while contextual implications and cause-impact effects are explained further via qualitative ones. In addition most evaluations so far adopt a rational view of policies and policy interactions leaving out a systemic evaluation of the institutionalism of interacting policies. Research analysis of energy and climate policy interactions is still young in comparison to the broad field of policy evaluation and impact assessment. However infants inherently tend to grow. Endeavors for a methodological framework that would allow for a systematic exchange of data between qualitative and quantitative approaches and would also include the relevance of the context as well as key casual relationships behind policy combinations, would provide the basis for further growth of knowledge in the field.
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More often than not, system dynamics model-based public policy analysis is limited to testing parameter changes instead of designing and testing new stock-and-flow policy structures. That is problematic because improvements in beh...
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More often than not, system dynamics model-based public policy analysis is limited to testing parameter changes instead of designing and testing new stock-and-flow policy structures. That is problematic because improvements in behaviour require improvements in structure. This paper considers how the public policy implementation literature could improve the operational thinking skills required for designing policy structure for public sector models. A familiar model of a public health problem is used to illustrate the recommended approach. And an instructional training strategy is offered for teaching and learning to think operationally during the policy-design stage of modelling.
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Currently it's estimated that more than 152 million people are child laborers, around 10 percent of children worldwide. Most (71 percent) work in the agricultural sector. As many as 69 percent do unpaid work because they work in t...
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Currently it's estimated that more than 152 million people are child laborers, around 10 percent of children worldwide. Most (71 percent) work in the agricultural sector. As many as 69 percent do unpaid work because they work in their own homes and nearly half (73 million people) work in jobs that endanger their health, safety and moral development. The objective of the paper is exploring the factors why a child of a child must work, policies in control the growth rate of child labor and finally in eliminating child labor in Indonesia. This study found the issue of child labor which involves many parties becomes a challenge for the parties to work together effectively to harmonize laws and regulations and law enforcement, expand and increase access to compulsory education and training, social protection and make effective policies to support an active labor market, and to create decent and productive jobs for adults. Moreover, coordination and synchronization between related parties in forms of social workers, government, community and stakeholders are needed.
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